Traditionally, witchcraft was associated with using magic to cause harm or misfortune, often called maleficium, and accusations of witchcraft were common in many societies worldwide, particularly in Europe and the American colonies during the 15th to 17th centuries. Historically, witches were sometimes believed to commune with demons or the Devil, though these claims were often tied to social tensions or religious persecution. In some cultures, protective magic or counter-magic was used to guard against witches.

Today, witchcraft is largely seen as a spiritual or magical practice rather than inherently evil. Modern witches may perform rituals and spells for purposes such as protection, love, healing, or personal growth. They often work with natural elements, herbs, crystals, and symbolic tools to focus intention and energy.

Modern witchcraft emphasizes intention, energy, and personal empowerment. Witches aim to influence change in their lives or surroundings, often for healing, protection, or spiritual growth, rather than causing harm. While some traditions include “dark” magic, many witches focus on positive or neutral practices, and witchcraft is not inherently tied to any religion, though it may overlap with pagan or Wiccan beliefs.

A common belief in cultures worldwide is that witches tend to use something from their target's body to work magic against them; for example hair, nail clippings, clothing, or bodily waste.